![]() The band gap in iron sulfide is smaller than that of iron oxide, leading to the former having more appropriate electron transfer and conductivity ( Wadia et al., 2009 Jin et al., 2017 Zhang et al., 2018). In addition, the phases of iron sulfide in nature include mackinawite (FeS), pyrrhotite (Fe 1−xS), pyrite (FeS 2), and greigite (Fe 3S 4), etc., which exhibit more variability than iron oxide containing only Fe 2O 3 and Fe 3O 4. Since O and S are congeneric elements, iron sulfide demonstrates similar physiochemical properties as iron oxide ( Fu et al., 2019). ![]() However, iron sulfide nanomaterials have not been comprehensively studied or used in the biomedical fields. Currently, the majority of iron-based nanomaterials are iron oxide which possess excellent supraparamagnetic properties, with catalytic activity mimicking that of oxido-reductases, including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and oxidase ( Gao et al., 2007 Liang and Yan, 2019). In addition, recent studies have revealed that these nanomaterials have intrinsic enzyme-like properties ( Gao et al., 2007 Xie et al., 2012 Xu et al., 2018), an important form of nanozyme representing a new generation of artificial enzyme ( Wei and Wang, 2013 Dong et al., 2019 Liang and Yan, 2019). In particular, due to their multiple functionality and excellent biocompatibility, iron-based nanomaterials are frequently used in the biomedical field, such as bioseparation, biosensors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), tumor hyperthermia, and drug delivery ( Chen and Gu, 2017). With the development of nanotechnology ( Li et al., 2019), nanomaterials have become a major resource for the development of novel therapeutic medicines and technologies designed to improve human health and the quality of life ( Zhang and Webster, 2009 Esmaeili et al., 2020 Wang et al., 2020). The present review principally summarizes the synthesis, properties and applications in biomedical fields, demonstrating that nano-sized iron sulfides have considerable potential for improving human health and quality of life. In particular, nano-sized iron sulfides exhibit enzyme-like activity by mimicking natural enzymes that depend on an iron-sulfur cluster as cofactor, extending their potential for applications in biomedicine. Nano-sized iron sulfides have attracted intense research interest due to the variety of their types, structures, and physicochemical properties.
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